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Life in Bible Times



Agriculture


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Egyptian painting from tomb of Ipui, Thebes, 13th century BC, showing slave working an irrigation machine.

Irrigation

Egyptian painting from tomb of Ipui, Thebes, 13th century BC, showing slave working an irrigation machine..

Such a ploughing team as this may have prompted the phrasing of Paul`s admonition `unequally yoked together` (II. Corinthians vi, 14). The difference in height imposes an unfair strain on the smaller animal. An early photograph.

Ploughing

Such a ploughing team as this may have prompted the phrasing of Paul`s admonition `unequally yoked together` (II. Corinthians vi, 14). The difference in height imposes an unfair strain on the smaller animal. An early photograph..

This early photo illustrates instructions taken from Deuteronomy xxv:4, I. Corinthians ix:9, I. Timothy v:18 `Do not muzzle the ox`.

Muzzle

This early photo illustrates instructions taken from Deuteronomy xxv:4, I. Corinthians ix:9, I. Timothy v:18 `Do not muzzle the ox`..

A man sows seed on the higher slopes of the Mount of Olives, not far from the village of Bethany. An early photograph.

Sows

A man sows seed on the higher slopes of the Mount of Olives, not far from the village of Bethany. An early photograph..

Watchtower at Tantur

Watchtower

Watchtower at Tantur.

During the vintage the Arab farmer repairs with his family to one of the crude stone watchtowers. From the upper storey of the tower a look-out is constantly maintained - the sleeping quarters are in the lower part.

Watchtower

During the vintage the Arab farmer repairs with his family to one of the crude stone watchtowers. From the upper storey of the tower a look-out is constantly maintained - the sleeping quarters are in the lower part.. It is necessary not only to protect the fruit from thieves but also to prevent foxes and other animals from spoiling the young vines. An early photograph.

A man harvesting corn the traditional way, with a sickle. An early photograph.

Sickle

A man harvesting corn the traditional way, with a sickle. An early photograph..

Women harvesting corn by hand.

Hand

Women harvesting corn by hand..

Primitive method of beating out grain.

Beating

Primitive method of beating out grain..

Woman gleaning after man, tomb of Ramose, Thebes.

Gleaning

Woman gleaning after man, tomb of Ramose, Thebes..

This farmer is sifting corn in a large shallow sieve. This is shaken vigorously until the remaining weeds, dust and chaff rise to the surface, are collected and thrown on the heap of refuse. An early photograph.

Sifting

This farmer is sifting corn in a large shallow sieve. This is shaken vigorously until the remaining weeds, dust and chaff rise to the surface, are collected and thrown on the heap of refuse. An early photograph..

Threshing floor at Tantur

Threshing

Threshing floor at Tantur.

A threshing-floor. Grain is heaped and then winnowed by the farmer `whose fan is in his hand` (Matthew iii, 12).

Threshing

A threshing-floor. Grain is heaped and then winnowed by the farmer `whose fan is in his hand` (Matthew iii, 12).. The fan is a several-pronged pitchfork and is used to toss corn against the breeze to free it from chaff and crushed straw. Since the grain is heaviest it falls straight to the ground - straw is blown a short distance and collects in another heap, while the chaff is completely scattered by the wind. An early photograph.

A threshing sledge raised on end for the replacement of missing `teeth.` Made of logs, it has sharp flints stuck in the under surface.

Threshing

A threshing sledge raised on end for the replacement of missing `teeth.` Made of logs, it has sharp flints stuck in the under surface.. When the oxen drag the sledge over corn on the threshing-floor, the stones rip the husk away from the corn.

Threshing sledge at Tantur

Threshing

Threshing sledge at Tantur.

Sharp flints or iron teeth set in the under part of a sledge cut into the huge mounds of straw, which is finely chopped for fodder. An early photograph.

Threshing

Sharp flints or iron teeth set in the under part of a sledge cut into the huge mounds of straw, which is finely chopped for fodder. An early photograph..

Threshing scene at Heliopolis. This threshing floor is on the site of an ancient temple.(A photograph by R E M Bain in about 1890)

Threshing

Threshing scene at Heliopolis. This threshing floor is on the site of an ancient temple.(A photograph by R E M Bain in about 1890).

Winnowing wheat from the husks in the traditional manner. The wind blows away the husks, leaving the grain of the wheat to fall in a heap.

Winnowing

Winnowing wheat from the husks in the traditional manner. The wind blows away the husks, leaving the grain of the wheat to fall in a heap..
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Wine presses consist of troughs with connecting channels. An early photograph.

Wine Press

Wine presses consist of troughs with connecting channels. An early photograph..

Cattle-herding (above) and wine-making (below). Painting from tomb of Puyemre, Thebes, Egypt. 15th century BC. Also, a slave is being beaten - cf. Exod.2:11.

Wine-making

Cattle-herding (above) and wine-making (below). Painting from tomb of Puyemre, Thebes, Egypt. 15th century BC. Also, a slave is being beaten - cf. Exod.2:11..

Grape press at Tantur

Grape Press

Grape press at Tantur.

Sorting figs. The first ripe figs are the finest, but the peasants distinguish many grades. The two baskets recall those of the good and bad figs in Jeremiah`s vision (Jeremiah xxiv). An early photograph.

Sorting Figs

Sorting figs. The first ripe figs are the finest, but the peasants distinguish many grades. The two baskets recall those of the good and bad figs in Jeremiah`s vision (Jeremiah xxiv). An early photograph..

Olives are first pulped in a circular stone basin by rolling a large wheel over them.

Olives

Olives are first pulped in a circular stone basin by rolling a large wheel over them.. The mass is collected, wrapped in canvas bags and further crushed by a heavy beam which presses the oil out so that `the fats overflow` (Joel iii,13). An early photograph.

Oil press at Tantur, for processing olives.

Olives

Oil press at Tantur, for processing olives..

Olive groves at Tantur

Olive

Olive groves at Tantur.

Various stages of agriculture: Plough, Sow, Tend, Reap and Thresh

Agriculture

Various stages of agriculture: Plough, Sow, Tend, Reap and Thresh.

Hoeing, Egyptian

Hoeing

Hoeing, Egyptian.

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water

Irigate

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water.

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water

Irigate

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water.

Irrigation by Shadoof (left) and by hand (right)

Irigate

Irrigation by Shadoof (left) and by hand (right).

Persian water wheel

Irigate

Persian water wheel.

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water

Irigate

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water.

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water

Irigate

Shadoof - a tool for lifting irrigation water.

Watering a garden and tying up onions

Irigate

Watering a garden and tying up onions.

Eastern water-wheel

Irigate

Eastern water-wheel.

Sheep milking and butter making. Milk and butter come from sheep, now cows.

Milk

Sheep milking and butter making. Milk and butter come from sheep, now cows..

Olive grove

Olive

Olive grove.

Egyptian ploughs, yokes and goads

Plough

Egyptian ploughs, yokes and goads.

Wooden yokes

Plough

Wooden yokes.

Ploughing with a two-handled plough

Plough

Ploughing with a two-handled plough.

Ploughing

Plough

Ploughing.

Ploughing with oxen

Plough

Ploughing with oxen.

Ploughing with oxen

Plough

Ploughing with oxen.

Assyrian plough

Plough

Assyrian plough.

Egyptian ploughs

Plough

Egyptian ploughs.

Plouging with a broad share.

Plough

Plouging with a broad share..

Men drawing a plough, Egyptian

Plough

Men drawing a plough, Egyptian.

Reaping with a serrated sickle.

Reaping

Reaping with a serrated sickle..

Reaping in Egypt

Reaping

Reaping in Egypt.

Pulling corn and binding sheaves in Egypt

Reaping

Pulling corn and binding sheaves in Egypt.

Left to right: Instrument for separating the ears of corn from the stalk, binding the stalks, and pulling the corn up by the roots.

Reaping

Left to right: Instrument for separating the ears of corn from the stalk, binding the stalks, and pulling the corn up by the roots..

Left: gleaners. Right: Reapers.

Reaping

Left: gleaners. Right: Reapers..

Eastern reapers reposing during the heat of the day

Reaping

Eastern reapers reposing during the heat of the day.

Sowing seed, dropping and trowing, Egyptian

Sowing

Sowing seed, dropping and trowing, Egyptian.

Egypt: Ploughing, hoeing and sowing

Sowing

Egypt: Ploughing, hoeing and sowing.

Sower, sowing seed, walking behind a plough

Sowing

Sower, sowing seed, walking behind a plough.

Egyptians Storing corn in granaries - cf Gen.41.48

Storage

Egyptians Storing corn in granaries - cf Gen.41.48.

Threshing instruments

Thresh

Threshing instruments.

Treading out corn

Thresh

Treading out corn.

Threshing tool

Thresh

Threshing tool.

Threshing with a sledge

Thresh

Threshing with a sledge.

Treading out corn with oxen

Thresh

Treading out corn with oxen.

Egyptian harrow

Thresh

Egyptian harrow.

Left: Carrying and stacking the threshed grain. Right: Winnowing.

Thresh

Left: Carrying and stacking the threshed grain. Right: Winnowing..

Left: Threshing by oxen. Right: carrying corn.

Thresh

Left: Threshing by oxen. Right: carrying corn..

Summer threshing floor

Thresh

Summer threshing floor.

Threshing floor

Thresh

Threshing floor.

Treading the wine press

Treading

Treading the wine press.

Treading the wine press

Treading

Treading the wine press.

Vinyard

Vinyard

Vinyard.

Vinyard with a watch tower - cf Is.5.1-4, Mt.21.33, Mk.12.1

Vinyard

Vinyard with a watch tower - cf Is.5.1-4, Mt.21.33, Mk.12.1.

Egyptian vineyard & wine-press

Vinyard

Egyptian vineyard & wine-press.

Egyptian winepress

Vinyard

Egyptian winepress.

Winnowing, Egypt

Winnow

Winnowing, Egypt.

Winnowing corn

Winnow

Winnowing corn.